- Human Rights Watch report alleges China is enforcing Mandarin-only instruction in kindergartens across Tibetan regions, raising cultural concerns
- The policy, linked to a 2021 directive by Ministry of Education of China, reportedly limits Tibetan language use during early childhood education
- The report warns this could accelerate cultural assimilation and urges restoration of bilingual education and independent monitoring
A report released by Human Rights Watch has alleged that the Chinese government is enforcing Mandarin Chinese instruction in kindergartens across Tibetan regions, raising concerns over education policies in Tibet and cultural preservation. The 72-page report, titled Start with the Youngest Children: China Uses Preschools to 'Integrate' Tibetans, examines a 2021 directive issued by China’s Ministry of Education known as the Children’s Speech Harmonisation plan.
According to the report, the policy requires all preschool teaching and caregiving activities in ethnic minority regions to be conducted in standard Mandarin, effectively limiting the role of Tibetan language instruction. Although kindergartens are officially allowed to offer additional sessions in minority languages, the report states that local communities lack the legal authority to implement these provisions.
Also Read: China's Military Veterans in Tibetan Schools, A New Chapter in Cultural Integration
The findings are based on a review of legislation, policy documents, academic research, and interviews with Tibetans and subject experts. The report highlights that many children enrolled in these institutions quickly transition to speaking Mandarin, often becoming reluctant to use their native language even within their families. Experts warn that restricting exposure to native languages during early childhood a critical phase for language development may accelerate cultural assimilation.
The report traces the policy shift back to earlier frameworks such as the 1984 Regional National Autonomy Law, which once supported bilingual education policies. However, subsequent reforms have progressively reduced minority-language instruction, culminating in recent legislation promoting ethnic unity that includes penalties for resisting Mandarin usage.
While preschool education is not legally compulsory in China, the report notes that it has become effectively mandatory in Tibetan areas, as many primary schools now require prior kindergarten attendance. Human Rights Watch has called on authorities to restore bilingual education, end ideological influence in early childhood education, and allow independent monitoring of schools in the region.
